The Boyer Model

Photograph of books stacked on tables in a library with library shelves in backgroundThis module is about different forms of scholarship and ways to frame your inquiry. In the 1990s Ernest Boyer developed a model meant to broaden the range of what counts in evaluating faculty scholarship. The Boyer model works surprising well for our purposes.

Scholarship – More than Discovery

Discovering new things. That’s what comes to mind with the word ‘research.’ But we can contribute knowledge in other ways. Boyer’s four categories:

  • Discovery – traditional ways of doing research and finding new things
  • Integration – pulls knowledge together to yield fresh understanding and perspective
  • Application – translating knowledge to problems and needs in the world
  • Teaching – teachers studying their own practices to improve learning

Review this site from Per State College (Links to an external site.) for a fuller description. The view the first two minutes of this video: Intro to SoTL.  (Links to an external site.)SoTL (Scholarship of Teaching and Learning) is a growing area of research for college faculty.

How does the Boyer model fit K12 teaching or the work of eLearning specialists? The priorities would shift to:

  • Application – translating knowledge to problems and needs in the world
  • Teaching – teachers and designers studying their own practices to improve learning
  • Integration – pulling knowledge together to yield fresh understanding
  • Discovery – traditional ways of doing research and finding new things

I believe the model is useful as a big-picture framework for professional inquiry. Traditional research (Discovery) has a place but knowledge can be found, organized, and used in a number of ways!

Alternative Research Designs

Two kinds of research design are included in this module, both trying to reduce the gap between Boyer’s Discovery and Application:

  • Action Research (AR)
  • Design-based Research (DBR)

These lessons are NOT required – you are NOT designing a formal research project. But they may be helpful to your thinking about professional inquiry. Look ’em over!

Content Curation

Content curation is selecting, organizing, and presenting resources to better understand and appreciate our world. Curated resources can guide students and workers in their own inquiry and development. Curation is an early but critical form or professional inquiry, often followeed by a lit review, study, or action plan.Content creation process - aggregation, distillation, elevation, mashup, and chronology

It takes work to develop a good set of resources. Through a process of inquiry, you are providing a path as a trusted advisor, helping new people navigate a complex subject and manage their own learning.

Curation as a Form of Inquiry

Please review this intro to content curation for education:

Monica Fuglei – Content Curation: Tools and Strategies (Links to an external site.)

Then consider this overview of curation’s role in critiquing and appreciating our culture:

Robin Good – Content Curation and Cultural Heritage (Links to an external site.)

By choosing Curation for a Major Project, you will engage in inquiry and encourage those you work with to do the same.

Example

The LDT program maintains a page for our adult-learning MA students; see:

Design Methods and Principles (Links to an external site.)

Your Curation Project (if you chose to do one) would have fewer links and longer descriptions.

In Boyer’s terms, curated resources reflect a scholarship of synthesis and integration and less discovery. You are not discovering this knowledge; you are finding and repackaging for others.

In today/s info-rich world, guided resources from a trusted advisor can really help!

Big Ideas – resource page

Here is the link to the Google doc section on Big Ideas – a collection of ideas, theories, and frameworks to help with your projects. A good framework can help you think about a problem in new ways – and you’re halfway toward a solution!

The editing on this doc is set to ANYONE CAN EDIT. You’re invited to add embedded links or new ideas. If you do, log into Google and select Suggest Changes on the Pencil (top right). That way your name will show up on the edits – so I see ytour contribution!

I would love this site to become a commons to share with other students!

Action Research (optional)

Action research cycle: plan, act, observe, reflect

Review this page to learn about a common method done by practitioners themselves.

What is Action Research?

  • Action research is a process in which participants reflect their own educational practice systematically and carefully, in order to improve the rationality and justice of their own practices, their understanding of these practices, and the situations in which the practices are carried out.
  • Action research can be done in the classroom by an individual, for a school with a team, or for an entire district.
  • Action research is about a quest for knowledge and reflection on lessons learned to improve a situation that occurs daily in the classroom.

What is not Action Research?

  • In action research we are not seeking information alone and looking for the correct answers.
  • It is not a process of looking at why do we things, but rather how we can do things collectively better.

Take a look at our quick presentation on action research:

Want to learn more?

Action Research – George Mason University (Links to an external site.)

This website provides a history of action research and additional action research-related websites to explore.

Action Research by Eileen Ferrance (Links to an external site.)

An informative booklet from Brown University provides details on different types of action research, cases studies of action research participants, and FAQs.

Action Research – Infed (Links to an external site.)

This website from YMCA George Williams College in London discusses the origins and history of action research along with examples of action research studies.

Authors

Design Based Research (optional)

Here is another method where practitioners join academic research to design programs and resources.

Components of DBR

*To interact with the graphic below, place your cursor over each informational “dot” or icon.

Examples

1. How to (re)develop your curriculum

As Štemberger and Cencič (2016) described, design-based research aims to improve or build educational products, processes, and programs through iterative research, analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation (p. 181).

Building a course that is effective for students, in reality, is critical. Performing usability tests, collecting feedback data, and implementing new solutions are the key to building a champion curriculum. Let’s watch this video of usability test with a paper prototype and see how the process helps a researcher find valuable information about a website from a child.

 Tip

Štemberger and Cencič (2016) emphasized the importance of a collaborative effort between instructional designers, online faculty, and administrators to provide quality educational products. Also, it would be a useful addition to the collaborative work, if user experience and user interface designers, and developers can develop a curriculum together as one team (p. 185).

2. Students design solutions and demonstrate how their designs respond

Kim, Suh, and Song (2015) conducted a study that demonstrated how to develop a design-based learning (DBL) curriculum through design-based research for a technology-enabled science classroom. The experiment aimed to help students construct a scientific understanding of energy and force by engaging students in the design of an air-powered balloon car with a mobile phone attached as a recording tool (p.576).

image2.jpgimage.jpg

Original image created by Hani Park Figure 9: No sail car (top left), Vehicle with improved mast support (top right), Measuring the height of the slope while experimenting a vehicle with an aerodynamic- considered sail (bottom left), and Experimenting with a later design while measuring the slope angle with a mobile phone application (bottom right) (Kim et al., p. 588)

The teacher and researchers assisted students in searching, designing, experimenting, analyzing, reflecting, and articulating their rationale for their design decisions.

The findings from the study will be utilized in future studies to improve the experimental course. The cyclical processes of generating and improving different designs to solve problems create a new learning environment where students engage in real science experiments with the freedom to explore their inquiries when they are younger and more curious.

Further Reading

References

Anderson, T. & Shattuck J. (2012, 01). Design-based research: A decade of progress in education eesearch? Educational Researcher, 41(1), 16-25 doi: 10.3102/0013189×1148813

BlueDuckLab. (2019, Sep 29). Example Usability Test with a Paper Prototype.  [Video file]. Retrieved from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9wQkLthhHKA

Easterday, M. W., Lewis, D. R., & Gerber, E. M. (2014). Design-based research process: Problems, phases, and applications. Proceedings of International Conference of the Learning Sciences, ICLS1(January), 317-324.

Kim, P., Suh, E., & Song, D. (2015). Development of a design-based learning curriculum through design-based research for a technology-enabled science classroom. Educational Technology Research and Development, 63(4), 575-602. doi:10.1007/s11423-015-9376-7

Štemberger, T., & Cencič, M. (2016). Design based research: The way of developing and implementing educational innovation. World Journal on Educational Technology, 8(3), 180-189. doi:10.18844/wjet.v8i3.621

Udacity. (2016, June 6). Design-based research. [Video file]. Retrieved from:

https://goo.gl/75R53c

 (Links to an external site.)

Project 1

October 2019

CU Boulder’s Academic Futures Initiative and the Teaching & Learning Center

Overview

One of my first questions when I started work at CU Boulder in 2014 was, why did this large university not have more of an online and distance learning presence?  CU Boulder is thought of as an innovative front-runner in so many ways, and yet they are so far behind other universities in the online, blended and hybrid learning arena that I thought was the wave of the future.  I was, quite frankly, shocked .  The move to use of new technology and online, blended, or hybrid learning does require a mindset shift, however all I had noticed was work in isolated pockets  on campus and I couldn’t help but think how far behind “we” were!

CU Boulder’s Academic Futures

In the fall of 2017, the university began an Academic Futures initiative entitled “Rethinking the university – the futures of learning and discovery.” The goal with the initial town hall meetings was to gather faculty and staff insight as to which direction they thought the university should move in. Why ask faculty and staff?  My best guess is that the best way to gain momentum and support when you are looking into a major shift is to have buy-in , especially from within an entity the size of CU Boulder!  My interest peaked as this was just about the time I was looking for, and applying to, master’s  programs. I started to follow this initiative as closely as I could between work and classes, my interest in adult and online learning may have a future, I thought.  Over the next couple of years I saw the program move through a number of phases as new ideas and programs were born.

Projected Timeline

  • September 2017 –September 2018 – Phase 1: Visioning – Discussions with Faculty and Staff.
  • Phase 2: Reflection and Proposals. Committee discussions were held and a draft proposal was written in October 2018, rising to the top were a Center for Teaching and Learning, Online & Distance Education, and Interdisciplinary Education.
  • After reflecting on the Academic Futures committee’s proposal, Provost Russ Moore announced the establishment of a Center for Teaching & Learning in December 2018.
  • The Online Distance and Education Working Group made their recommendations in August of 2019, Provost Moore accepted them and as a first step announced the creation of an organization to oversee teaching and technology, online and distance learning. In September 2019 Robert McDonald, the Dean of the University Libraries, was announced as the  administrative leader.
  • On October 1, 2019 the Academic Futures Committee on Interdisciplinary Teaching, Research and Creative Works released its draft report to campus for a 30-day comment period as this initiative continues to evolve.

Read more about the Academic Futures initiative here: www.Colorado.edu/academicfutures

The three year path: Investigate to Implement

When they announced the first town halls in 2017, I found my way to the one that focused on online, blended & hybrid learning.  I sat in a room with people who were far more informed about the university than I was, however I had one up on many of them, I had already been teaching online for about three years.  Was I good at it? Not necessarily.  Did I know what I was doing? I didn’t think so.  But I had passion, I wanted my students to engage and learn, and I had found a way to make that happen.   I had also seen my own children thrive in online school, and my online students were keeping pace with, or outdoing those in the classroom .   I saw where I thought the future of education might be headed, and I wanted to be a part of it .

In that first town hall we broke up into groups with a task to make a sticky wall of the things we thought the university would need to focus on to make a shift to supporting online learning.   Each group presented their sticky wall adding only previously unmentioned ideas to the great wall of online learning  that would be the initial take away from this first town hall.  Some of the things that surfaced in mass  on the wall were:

  • A centralized help area
  • Incentives for instructors to spend time creating or moving a course online in an effective and engaging way
  • Using technology to promote equity and accessibility
  • Creating a culture of teaching innovation

 

I continued to follow the town halls, discussions, white papers and trajectory of the project as I enrolled in the Information Technology master’s program at CU Denver in January 2019.  When I could fit it into my schedule I’d go check out what was happening, or attend one of the workshops or discussions.   As we head into year three of Academic Futures the focus is shifting to the implementation phase, and the Career Inquiry project gave me an avenue to look further into the progress, visions, and goals of the Center for Teaching and Learning (CTL).  My quest was to visit with those already acting in teaching and learning support roles, as well as with Professor Kirk Ambrose who was named the Founding Director for the CTL in February 2019.  I wanted to find out more about the vision for the center, progress made to date, and what their focus was for the future.   On September 13, 2019, right as I was arranging interviews, Provost Moore announced that the decision had been made “to create a single coherent online and distance organization to deliver online education and better serve the state of Colorado.  I moved forward with the hope of also talking to the Dean of Libraries, Robert McDonald, who had just taken leadership of the creation of the new online & distance learning organization.

CU Boulder’s Center for Teaching & Learning

I met with Professor Kirk Ambrose about a week later and learned that there are many types of teaching and learning centers being born across the U.S. and likely about as many models for them.   I had briefly been exposed to Colorado State University’s TILT ( The Institute for Teaching and Learning) this past summer when I attended their Framework for Developing Teaching Efficiencies  workshop at the COLTT Conference in August, however I hadn’t been aware of a significant move in this direction as a whole.   As we spoke, Professor Ambrose explained that the CLT’s focus will be to dive in and make any resources needed available to instructors by pointing faculty to become more effective in both teaching and learning and supporting them in every way.   Dr. Ambrose explained that his job is one of support, not to tell anyone what to do or how to teach.   He noted that some instructors are better lecturers and others better at active engagement , they are looking to do what they can to support in any arena.  He explained that the baseline for the center stems from discussions and ideas from the Academic Futures and Financial Futures Town Halls, from workshops and talks, as well as things put forth from the IDEA program, Foundations of Excellence, and areas surrounding assessment.

The CTL is sensitive to the ideas, white papers, and causes that have not always resulted in action so they are taking their path seriously.  Their first focus will be on putting the right people in place in the department and building a learning community mindset on campus.  When asked how big he thought the center would be he noted that the average center is about 8.3 people, although he did smile and say that he wasn’t sure where the .3 came from.  I thought to myself maybe that’s the dog under someone’s desk??   In the end, demand for the center will determine staffing needs, however currently their plan is to have some key lead folks in place within the year.  The positions they have determined a need for include a Communications Lead, an Inclusive Pedagogy Lead, an Assessments Lead, two people to focus on professional development, two people from information technology, and a business/office manager.   When I asked what type of experience they would be looking for he noted that they would seek folks with a PhD in a field and a minimum of two years teaching experience, but ideally five years of teaching experience, for those hired into the key lead positions.  I’ll be honest at that point I figured the best trail for me on this career path might be to continue to pursue an interview with the Dean of Libraries who will oversee the newly announced Online Teaching and Learning Center.

When asked for a bit more detail on the positions they would be posting he noted that the Inclusive Pedagogy Lead position would be the first one they hired for, he expected it to be posted that week.  This position will focus on supporting the center’ s activities and building resources related to inclusive teaching with diversity as a focus.  He noted that the Communications position would likely be a Spring hire as they will be looking for a staff member to focus on events, communications and work with strategic relations to market the center and create a website with a calendar to highlight pedagogy related events across campus.  The Assessment Lead will continue work started by the office of data analytics to offer a service to help instructors assess how effective their curriculum is  in assessing their teaching and student’s learning.  The aim will be to move from primarily using students’ evaluations to other options to give faculty a more robust suite of measures, including midterm reviews.

Takeaway

Unfortunately I don’t have the background to join the CTL. However, as I write this, I am still waiting to hear back from Dean McDonald. If no response comes to my email requesting a short interview with him, I’ll continue to watch for any type of Town Halls, Workshops , etc. to attend and introduce myself personally.  I have a great job here on campus; it would be hard to leave the position I recently landed in.  However my heart will always be in teaching and learning, adult education, and online technology.  So as I approach the last few classes in my program I will continue to search for opportunities to remain tapped into this new world wherein my passions lie.

For more information on the Academic Futures Initiative, the Teaching and Learning Center, and to follow the Online and Distance Learning Organization as it unfolds book mark the CU Boulder Academic Futures website, located here.

I think traditional 4-year institutions that attract primarily students straight out of high school are slower to adopt online learning. As the nontraditional population grows (adults, transfer students…), sometimes that is a catalyst for schools to offer more and more online learning. I think UCB is an example of that.

Instructor Feedback

Great work Shauna- Has a candid and immediate feel to it that draws you in! Could you share this in our Careers page? I placed your earlier description under News; see: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1_iFOFWhnHH-WC5ZhsiTfi3suDF4VTmG5Pgvl6L4h9YA/edit#heading=h.6i9q9drtubuq You could place your project under the individual projects. Whatever works for you! The tone of your report is a little critical. Give it a fresh read to make sure you’re not offending anyone. You could revise or even hold it back if needed.

Peer Responses

Susan Laws with regard to why did this large university not have more of an online and distance learning presence?: I think traditional 4-year institutions that attract primarily students straight out of high school are slower to adopt online learning.  As the nontraditional population grows (adults, transfer students…), sometimes that is a catalyst for schools to offer more and more online learning.  I think UCB is an example of that.

Vicki K with regard to CU Boulder being behind the curve with regard to Online, Blended & Hybrid Learning:  I have always wondered about this myself.

Jenn S with regard to Isolated pockets of work being done within a large campus: I feel like this is true across all professions, industries, etc., because I see this in corporate settings as well.

Vicki K with regard to : Initial town hall meetings being used to gather faculty and staff insights and my guess that it was a way to gain momentum and support when considering a major shift in mindset or policy: no one likes surprises! better to understand what the resistance points are as soon as possible – and and what the low hanging fruit is!

Vicki K with regard to: my online students were keeping pace with, or outdoing, those in the classroom: Wow! great to have first hand experience (and data) with this!

K Mo with regard to: I saw where I thought the future of education might be headed, and I wanted to be part of it: I like your sense of purpose!

K Mo with regard to: Streamline technology use so students didn’t have to “learn to learn” by learning new tech for every course: This is interesting to me, as different courses seem to take a different stance on whether this is a good thing.

Vicki K with regard to: Streamline technology use so students didn’t have to “learn to learn” by learning new tech for every course: Even though our LDT program is all about “learning about learning”, even I can get frustrated w/ all the various tech and ways Canvas is organized and used.

Jenn S with regard to: Agreed! Add to that those that add in other non-Canvas tools instead of Canvas and every semester is a new adventure 😉

Vicki K with regard to: the CLT’s focus will be to dive in and make any resources needed available to instructors by pointing faculty to become more effective in both teaching and learning and supporting them in every way.  Dr. Ambrose explained that this job is one of support, not to tell anyone what to do or how to teach:  A good place to start!!

Jen S with regard to: some instructors are better lecturers and others better at active engagment,: This is really interesting! I sometimes feel like I’m not a great facilitator because I’m better at some aspects than others, and this makes me feel like I’m not so out of the ordinary there.

Vicki K with regard to: The Assessment Lead will continue work started by the office of data analytics to offer a service to help instructors asses how effective their curriculum is in assessing their teaching and student’s learning: So important!